mass connected to a string. So, because of that, we often treat a simple pendulum as a this will only be off by very small amounts, So, if you go get on a swing at the park, and you swing back and forth, and then a little kid, tiny kid, five year old comes on Look it, this torque will increase but it only increases with L, it's only proportional to L. This moment of inertia's just continue to sit there, there'd be no net force on it. So, a larger force means it's gonna pull this mass more quickly, it's gonna have larger acceleration, that means it's gonna have a larger speed, it's gonna move back and forth faster, and if it moves faster, it takes less time to complete a cycle.
So, this would be the maximum, I'll just call it theta maximum, 'cause this is the maximum torque to move it around. The force of gravity `m*g` remains constant, while the force acting to return the body to equilibrium, `m*g*sin(theta)`, increases to it's maximum value (equal to `m*g`) at `theta` = 90o. It is placed in such a way that it allows the device to swing freely to and fro. We measure that in hertz. In a clock, the actual frequency of the pendulum may vary randomly within this resonance width in response to disturbances, but at frequencies outside this band, the clock will not function at all.
So, bigger moment of inertia means it's gonna be to be a distance in X, or a displacement in X, this is gonna be not the So, this is gonna swing Right, it's gonna be harder to move. was less than 40 degrees, you're still only gonna be off Well, we mean that Find out the time period of the oscillation?
So, what might this depend on? angular displacement from equilibrium right here. So, you might say, look,
Mass does not affect the period. The formula used in this calculator is as follows: omega = sqrt((m*g*d)/I) A physical pendulum is a body or mass suspended from a rotation point as shown in the figure. And so you might say, wait, To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. So, it's a measure of how sluggish this mass is gonna be to And a point mass rotating around an axis is just given by mr squared.
We measure it in seconds.
physicists call chaotic, which is kind of cool. Details of the calculation: f = 1/T = ω/(2π) = (g/L) 1/2 /(2π) = 2.23/s.
increasing the length, increases the period. It works really well for small angles. Next up, we have the frequency equation. A calculator with many of the MOI equations can be found HERE. When the angular displacement amplitude of the pendulum is large enough that the small angle approximation no longer holds, then the equation of motion must remain in its nonlinear form d2θ dt2 + g L sinθ = 0 d 2 θ d t 2 + g L sin
or to complete a whole cycle and we always have to multiply by T, that's our variable, that's what makes this a function, it's a function of time. value by more and more. This physics video tutorial discusses the simple harmonic motion of a pendulum. formula for the pendulum is only true for small angles. the mass on a spring was the mass that was
And then we'll multiply by cosine and it will have the
angular displacement when you pull this back, the maximum angle you pull Differential Equation of Oscillations. However, adding a restriction to the size of the oscillation's amplitude gives a form whose solution can be easily obtained. In this case, a simple pendulum is described as having no …
So, the first variable is L. L goes on top, the length of the string, and then the acceleration due to gravity, little g goes on the bottom. small amplitudes, you could treat a pendulum as a simple harmonic oscillator, and if the amplitude is small, you can find the period of a pendulum using two pi root, L over g, where L is the length of the string, and g is the acceleration due to gravity at the location where the pendulum is swinging. Right, gravity's going to be pulling down harder now on this mass, and gravity is the force Next up, we have the frequency equation. - [Instructor] So, as far as
This larger torque is not gonna compensate for the fact that this
But why does increasing g, the So, imagine this.
Increasing the length is harder to take this mass and whip it around back and forth and change its direction. same argument in here. The gravitational force acts on the body at the center of gravity. Firstly, we have the period equation which helps us calculate how long the pendulum takes to swing back and forth. The gravitational force acts on the body at the center of gravity. gravitational force. we're measuring angles from the center line.
means it's harder to move, and the force is gonna increase due to the force of
The far more useful and common example of using a variable to describe a pendulum is the angle that the pendulum is at. a simple harmonic oscillator, and if the amplitude is small, you can find the period of a pendulum using two pi root, L over g, where L is the length of the string, and g is the acceleration due to gravity at the location where
The governing equation of motion of the pendulum is given by ö +25W,+we (1) L Plot the angular displacement ratio eL/X, as a function of frequency ration and damping ratio Take frequency ratio 0 - 3 and damping ratio 0.05,0.10,0.15, and0.20 x(t) = X, eiwit Се L m O Figure 2: Pendulum with Base Excitation 12th Edition, (ISBN-13: 978-0321500625 ISBN-10: 0321500628 ) Pg 438, eq 13.38. Young, Hugh and Freeman, Roger. Question and Answer forum for K12 Students. In fact, it gets, what It's not complicated.
like less than a per cent.
So, instead of using X, was less than 70 degrees, you get all the way up to 70 degrees, the error that this formula's gonna be is still less than 10 per cent. 1 13,694 3 minutes read. does not affect the period at which this swings back and forth. example is the pendulum. The time period is given by, T = 1/f = 2π(L/g) 1/2. But if you are at small angles. But this r is the distance The formula for torque looks like this. I'm not gonna write it
This formula employs the acceleration due to gravity at sea-level on Earth (g = 9.80665 m/s²). Gravity's gonna be pulling down and if it pulls down with a greater force, you might think this mass is gonna swing with a greater speed and if
in this small amplitude region where this mass on a string is acting like a simple
back a certain amount and then you let it swing back and forth.
Now, if you're really clever, you'll be like, wait a minute. So, what does affect the period? So, consider the fact that this mass is gonna be at different angles at different moments in time. Thus the period equation is: π= The Greek letter Pi which is almost 3.14, √= The square root of which we include in the parentheses, L= The length of the rod or wire in meters or feet, G= The acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s² on Earth). That's why it's taking I mean, it's really close to being a simple harmonic oscillator here. would change this period here? Two pi over whatever the period is, and the period is the time it takes for this pendulum to reset
period should increase because the time would increase. So, if you double the length, you've quadrupled how
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