mahan six principles of sea power

B. This html article is produced from an uncorrected text file through optical character recognition. The term itself entered the English language in the 1840s via the British classicist George Grotes History of Greece, which described the Minoans as a seapower or, alternately, thalassocracy.[15] Mahan split that word into its component parts for effect (maritime power was apparently too smooth for his liking) and then spread the concept with nearly religious zeal. A. Friedman, Command of the LittoralsInsights from Mahan, The Strategy Bridge, 10 October 2017; and David Ramassinii, Too Small to Answer the Call, U.S. Index, A Short History It makes for a compelling origin storyof principles transmitted from Rome, to Britain, to the United Statesbut Mahan need not have searched so far back for inspiration. [88] See: Wayne Hughes, Fleet Tactics and Coastal Combat, 1986/2000/2018. Department of State, U.S. Mahan begins with a discussion of the elements he considers to be the key to a nation's . to absorb the massive amounts of industrial and commercial goods being produced Robert Seager II and Doris Maguire (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1975). [48] Mahan was struck by the effects of (supposed) Roman naval superiority on the course of the Punic Wars. This had understandable appeal to industrialists, merchants interested in overseas trade, investors, nationalists, and imperialists, and peacetime America. Most critically, William (of Orange) and Marys ascent to the British throne in 1688 reconfigured Dutch strategic concerns toward France at the expense of the navy.[41]. Corbett, by contrast, played chess: Though using the same board, he was quick to recognize the importance of specialized assets, maneuvering in concert, often toward limited ends. Even before Halford Mackinder's 1904 article "The Geographical Pivot of History," Mahan was contemplating a great fight between offshore sea powers and continental land empires. Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914) was the first modern military theorist to attempt to explain the influence of sea power in a systematic way; arguably, he claimed to have coined the term itself.5 Mahan's seminal book, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, was published in 1890. [79] Wayne P. Hughes, Fleet Tactics and Coastal Combat (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1986/2000/2018). In his memoirs, From Sail to Steam, Mahan credited his reading of Theodore Mommsens six-volume History of Rome for the insight that sea power was the key to global predominance. U.S. Coast Guards Historians Office, The 1700s1800s, www.history.uscg.mil/Complete-Time-Line/Time-Line-1700-1800/. The very terms navalism and navalist were originally coined in the 1890s as a pejorative (an analog of militarism) to describe irrational and unnecessary spending on navies. Mahans subsequent work, The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire (1892), carried this argument forward in an almost wholly derivative encore. From time to time, he wrote, the superstructure of tactics has to be altered or wholly torn down; but the old foundations of strategy so far remain, as though laid upon a rock.[78] The strategic principles of concentration, decisive engagement, control of communications, and offensive action all translated from the Age of Sail, while specific tactics required revision as a result of technical advances. Real Mahanian Sea Power (capital S; capital P), is not exclusively or even primarily a function of military force. Sea Power could contend only if used peripherally and strategically. }, Page last modified: The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, by A. T. Mahan This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. 6. the same Jominian principles as land operations. Exacerbating matters, he originally wrote the text as a series of lectures at the War College. The author, Alfred Thayer Mahan, was a United States Naval officer and the son of the esteemed West Point professor Dennis Hart Mahan. The upshot, he asserted, was that tactical principles like maneuver, firepower, the value of surprise and anti-scouting all translated across the centuries. answer choices. Volume 1 of 2. [11] These ideas, Mahan insisted, were dangerously misguided. Join now and never hit a limit. Robert Seager, Ten Years Before Mahan: The Unofficial Case for the New Navy, 1880-1890, Mississippi Valley Historical Review (December 1953), 491-512. While the country's parties are crafting new populist pitches to Thai voters, factional politics still reigns supreme. This is In 1890, United States Navy Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan published a book titled "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History." The monumental text addressed the importance of both military and commercial fleets in the success of a nation in war and peacetime. A skim through John Hattenforf's bibliography of Mahan's work demonstrates the daunting nature of how voluminous his historical and international affairs writing was. [85] Admiral Mahan, New York Times, December 2, 1914. Mahans evidentiary base consists of several case studies, beginning with the Anglo-Dutch Wars in the 17thcentury. See also: Dingman, Japan and Mahan in The Influence of History on Mahan: The Proceedings of a Conference Marking the Centenary of Alfred Thayer Mahans The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, ed. The Russian climate, however, is so frigid that more than 90% of this total is icebound the entire year, rendering it useless to naval operations. Non-members can read five free Proceedings articles per month. After the outbreak of hostilities with Spain in May 1898, President William McKinley finally secured the annexation of Hawaii by means of joint resolution of Congress. He identified several narrow passages or strategic chokepoints, the control of which contributed to Great Britains command of the seas. For suspicion of Commerce Raiding, see: Mahan, Influence, 288. Mahan argued that British control of the seas, combined with a corresponding This master dissertation discussed Alfred Mahan Theory of Sea Power which is based on three requirements (production, shipping and colonies), and six principal conditions ( geographical position , physical conformation, extent of the territory , number of population , character of the people and character of the government ) that affect sea . Tactics were aspects of operations occurring after the beginning of combat. The U.S. Navy has chosen its next frigate; what will Chinas look like? argue for a shift towards commercial expansion overseas, he did note that calls Mahan intended for his writing to educate the American populace on the strategic value of sea power and to advocate for expansion of the U.S. Navy.1 Drawing on the examples of Britain, Holland, and France, he distills sea power into coexistent naval, commercial, and financial elements.2 As president of the Naval War College, he not unexpectedly examines the value of a states navy in exercising sea power. Answer: At geographic "choke points" (e.g. In this sense Kennedy largely reflected Mackinders argument: Railways and the consolidation of nation states like Germany, Russia, and the United States in the late-19th century once again made land-powers the dominant actors in the international system. In 1890 Alfred Thayer Mahan published a book that transformed naval theoryand unleashed the world's great fleets. Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Seapower Upon History: 16601783 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1890), 26. Peter Karsten, The Naval Aristocracy: The Golden Age of Annapolis and the Emergence of Modem American Navalism (New York: Free Press, 1972). In 1890, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a lecturer in naval [3] Kenneth Hagan, American Gunboat Diplomacy and the Old Navy (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 140; George Davis, A Navy Second to None: The Development of Modern American Naval Policy (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1940), 32. NB: Influence was published in 1890, but I have cited throughout the 1898 version because it is the one most widely available on Google Books c. 2022. [62] As Mackinder conceived it, the Eurasian heartland is surrounded by an Inner Crescent of Western Europe, the Middle East, and South and North East Asia. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Sign up to get updates about new releases and event invitations. Though originally published in 1890, this essay has cited the 1898 version throughoutthe edition most readily available via Google. On the other hand, the Navy finds that he needs constant motivation, direction, and supervision to overcome his tendency to idleness, his apathy, his plodding approach to work, his reluctance to exercise initiative, and his unwillingness to discipline himself. Today, as nations increasingly deploy their coast guards to assert sovereignty, the role of coast guards within Mahans conceptions of maritime powernamely, to maintain a nations access to the global commons and thereby bolster its domestic shipping capabilitywarrants further examination. [51] After defeating Peru in a decisive naval battle in 1879, Chile leveraged its maritime preponderance to cut off Peruvian trade, finance war spending, and move amphibious armies along the Peruvian coast. Under these circumstances, Chinas embrace of Mahan is reason enough for Americans to reacquaint themselves with the writings of that great American strategic thinker. Since 1945, the maintenance of Freedom of the Seas through a preponderant navy and a vast archipelago of overseas bases has remained a consistent feature of the U.S.-led post-war order. Amid great power competition, life in the China-Russia borderlands reveals the paradoxes underpinning the Beijing-Moscow friendship. Sea Power Theory - Development - I. Mark Russell Shulman, Navalism and the Emergence of American Sea Power (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1995). [84], When Mahan died in 1914, Influence was the literal headline of his New York Times obituary: Admiral Mahan, Naval Critic, Dies: Gained Fame from Book.[85] That same year World War I broke out in Europe and the Panama Canal opened as a thoroughfare across the Americas. State. . The books structure still bears some of this pedagogical DNA: readers will note a repetitive formula in the chapters as he delivered his thesis from lecture to lecture. Navy. 30 seconds. In 1890, Mahan called the sea a wide common.[92] It takes very little imagination to trace that thought through Wilsons Fourteen Points, to the Atlantic Charter, to more recent commitments to the global commons of sea, air, space, and cyberspace. He is an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, an adjunct professor of political science at Wilkes University, and a contributing editor to American Diplomacy. Despite these similarities, Mahan affirms that the Dutch lost out in the competition for Sea Power because of a lack of political consensus and the need to divert resources against continental threats from France and Spain. [56] In the Pacific, Mahan claimed (self-consciously) that more of his works were translated into Japanese than any other language (though his precise impact on Imperial Japanese Navy policy is a contested one; note work by Sadao Asada, who is careful to acknowledge that Mahans theory was often more justification for ongoing Japanese naval expansion than genuine inspiration).[57]. Mahan provided a powerful argument for achieving and preserving sea power. In The Interest of America in International Conditions (1910), Mahan foresaw the then-emerging First World War and the underlying geopolitical conditions leading to the Second World War, recognizing that Germanys central position in Europe, her unrivalled industrial and military might on the continent, and her quest for sea power posed a threat to Great Britain and ultimately the United States. [72] Kennedy, Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, 7-8. expand U.S. markets overseas. Join now and never hit a limit. . [73] Andrew Lamberts ambitious and engaging Seapower States (2018) is the most critical and provocative of this vein (though Lamberts larger project is much more than a refutation of Mahanian sea power). [47] Suzanne Geissler, God and Sea Power: The Influence of Religion on Alfred Thayer Mahan (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2015). As Mahan puts it when discussing the War of the Spanish Succession: The sea power of England therefore was not merely in the great navy, with which we too commonly and exclusively associate it; France had had such a navy in 1688, and it shriveled away like a leaf in the fire.[93] In this respect, Mahan actually shares a great deal with later critics who highlight the importance of a dynamic economy as the ultimate source of national or imperial power. This was a profound geopolitical insight based on an understanding of the impact of geography on history. [88] Likewise, though World War II was not settled in a single fleet encounter, decisive naval engagements were key to winning whole theaters of the war. Ronald Spector, Professors at War: The Naval War College and the Development of the Naval Profession (Newport, RI: Naval War College Press, 1977). Us, Write 6 days ago; [27] Though the metropole of an imperial network applies as well. as the coaling stations and naval bases that Mahan had discussed, such as Puerto As he generalizes, amid all the fluctuations of continental politics in a most unsettled period the eye of England was steadily fixed on the maintenance of her sea power: military command of the ocean as a result of economic productivity, commercial shipping, and foreign territorial infrastructure. Apart from temporary wartime diversions, it persisted largely in that capacity until the end of the 19th century.5 These duties fell squarely within Mahans principles of maintaining open ports, preventing blockade, and protecting commercial maritime interests. [74] Major continental powers can build naval force (or sea power, two words) but are unlikely to become seapowers because they lack an identity anchored in maritime traditions. [57] Sadao Asada, From Mahan to Peral Harbor: The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2006), 26-27. The 1890s were marked by social and economic unrest throughout the United States, SEA BATTLES: BYNG OFF MINORCA; HAWKE AND CONFLANS; POCOCK AND D'ACH IN EAST INDIES pp 281-329 Get access Export citation CHAPTER IX - COURSE OF EVENTS FROM THE PEACE OF PARIS TO 1778. of the Secretaries of State, Travels of In 1885 (five years before Influence) the Chilean Revista de Marina caught the spirit, crowing: The trident of Neptune is the scepter of the world and the history in the support of this truth shows to us that the peoples who have taken hold of the empire of the sea surpass all the others in their riches, power and civilization.[52]Mahans failure to grapple seriously with this contemporaneous example of Sea Power in practice reflected either his racially motivated condescension toward Latin America or else his shocking lack of investigative talent. He is a graduate of Marine Corps Command and Staff College and a doctoral candidate in atmospheric and oceanic science at the University of Maryland, College Park. Robert Seager II and Doris Maguire (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1975), Vol II, 494. 1, July. Q. Seward also attempted to purchase suitable Caribbean naval bases. Manage Settings Consider the context: By the 1880s, railway lines knit together the United States continental empire from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Defense, China An American history professor at the University of Wisconsin, Turner postulated It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. Andrew Lambert, Seapower States: Maritime Culture, Continental Empires, and the Conflict that Made the Modern World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018). Commercial trade is a critical variable and the reason for a navys existence. affected sea power. Discussions of Sea Power were common in the late-19thcenturyoften motivated by the naked institutional self-interest of naval officers and their political backers. His reading of history also demonstrated, time and again, that attacks on adversary merchant vessels by raidersa guerre de coursewere never as effective as a decisive battle with the enemy that drove his force from the sea or at least allowed it to appear only as a fugitive.[12] Toward that end, the construction of a fleet of armored battleships was an essential condition of national power. What might be called the human resources of Sea Power are generally employed in peacetime by the merchant marine and related industries, making for a ready reserve that can be drawn on by the navy. NB originally published in 1911, pre-WWI. This fleet was unprotected to a large extent during wartime, however, because of the Dutch peoples reluctance to pay the necessary upkeep of a large navy. William Leeman and John B. Hattendorf, (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2020). [67] While this school of criticism was right to stress Mahans pervasive racism and interest in overseas possessions, LaFeber and the revisionists overestimated Mahans pre-1895 influence as well as the scope of his explicit imperial ambitionswhich were always more pointillist than territorial. What do we know about him? In 1886, Mahan was recalled from his Pacific postinglikely the best case for all involvedto assume a position at the freshly christened Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island by his mentor and patron Stephen B. Luce. 1898, the United States gained control of territories that could serve A.T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire, Vol I-II (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1892). Capetown, Hawaii). Critics of the use and misuse of history in American foreign policy, as the Harvard historian Ernest May put it, could find a great deal to fault in Mahans method.[76]. Summary of Theory Alfred Mahan, the originator of the North - Studocu Development theory summary of theory alfred mahan, the originator of the north american school of geopolitics and an american naval officer and historian, DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home [6] Oscar Wilde, The Canterville Ghost, The Court and Society Review (1887). John Hattendorf (Newport, RI: Naval War College Press, 1991). Mahan was strongly influenced, as were most army officers of the period, by the writings of Jomini, a Swiss writer on strategy in Napoleon's campaigns. [61] Mackinder, Geographical Pivot of History, 421-437. In a narrow sense, Influence is a specific argumenta polemicaimed at fin de sicle navalists about the necessity of expanding the United States Navy (USN). Vol. In Influence, Mahan offers two possible formulas for grand strategic Sea Power. Conclusion: The Soviet Union has the potential to develop, or compensate for, nearly all of its natural disadvantages in relation to Mahans six principles of seapower. Following the Civil War, Secretary of State William Seward had attempted to Chennai Centre for China Studies. Was it, Ma-HAN, the naval historian Sir John Knox Laughton wondered, like the bleating of an anxious ewe? [84] Kevin D. McCranie,Mahan, Corbett, and the Foundations of Naval Strategic Thought(Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2021). See also: 28, 510. . The basic principles of Mahan's maritime strategy were instrumental in evolution of the United States Navy and shaped its operations across two World Wars, the Cold War, and violent peace of the 20th and 21st centuries. While serving as a professor at the newly founded (1884) U.S. What are their objectives? [26] Halford J. Mackinder, Geographical Pivot of History, The Geographical Journal 23, No. Skip to main content.ca. As he stressed, the safety and independence of [the United States] can be preserved only by a foreign policy that will make it impossible for the Eurasian landmass to harbor an overwhelmingly dominant power in Europe and the Far East.[64] Though critical of what he called the extraordinary Anglo-Saxon predilection for thinking that only naval warfare is important, Spykman agreed that a pillar of this balancing act was sufficient maritime power to sustain relations on either end of Eurasia. All of these factors, however, are mere functions of the controlling equation the character of the government. Writing at the turn of the 20 th century, Mahan was explicitly thinking about the role of sea power for the United States as it emerged onto the world stage, and his ideas, though very influential at the time, have fallen somewhat out of favor in more recent thinking about sea power. 22-07-2011 17:40:30 ZULU. Equally significant were the new battleships utilizing Mahan's strategy of command of the sea and clearly displaying the industrial maturation of the United States. Asia, Southeast Far more enduring than his admittedly dated prescriptions on the conduct of naval war is Mahans broader theory of sea powercommerce, shipping, overseas possessions, and the means to protect themas the basis of national prosperity and influence. [53] A.T. Mahan, LPATM, Vol I, 563-564. View, About Chapter 4 - Alfred Mahan "Sea Power" - Foundations of Geopolitics Foundations of Geopolitics PART 1 - Founding fathers of geopolitics Chapter 1 - Friedrich Ratzel. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. These geographical features, while foundational to Mahans theory, are not destiny. set up a colonial empire for the U.S. and set the U.S. on the road to empire. Chinese military sources can tell us exactly what the PLA is learning. I consider some of these below. While Turner did not explicitly Britain and the Netherlands are nearly totally dependent on foreign trade; hence, the severing of the international commercial arteries by an enemy during Wartime would mean national disaster. Number of population and national character can also be made to work in Russias favor by developing the peoples strengths of patriotism and perseverance. With a broader understanding of Sea Power in mind, Influences aim is to identify the mutually reinforcing relationships between geography, commerce, and military or commercial shippingas well as to explain why individual states do or do not mobilize Sea Power to pursue national goals. Some have argued that twentieth-century inventions like the submarine and the aircraft carrier make Mahan and his overwhelming emphasis on surface-capital ships irrelevant, but this is far too narrow a reading of the text. The publication of Mahans books preceded much of the disorder associated with Anyone curious about the period in question should save time and energy by turning to N.A.M. Alfred Thayer Mahan, Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812, vol. Diplomatic Couriers, Guide to Country Recognition and [54] Obituary, Letters and Papers of Professor Sir John Knox Laughton, 1830-1915, ed. Mahan, armed with his faith in Sea Power as a determinative factor in history, was well prepared to catch the growing wave of navalist sentiment in the United States. [1] A.T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783 [hereafter Influence] (Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1898). looking outside the continental United States in order to satiate their desire Rodger, Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1659-1815 (New York: Norton, 2005). China employs military actions to achieve political outcomes in territorial disputes. [66] Charles Beard, The Navy: Defense or Portent? Andrew Lambert, Navy Records Society, 259-260; Kings College (London) to A.T. Mahan, March 11, 1893, Mahan Papers, Library of Congress, Box 2, Reel 2. [80] Hughes also tracked tactics that endured across waves of technological innovation from ships-of-the-line to battleships to the missile age. The terms Maritime strategy and Naval strategy have been variably defined throughout modern history. P. Hughes, Fleet Tactics and Coastal Combat, 1986/2000/2018 ) the Beijing-Moscow friendship identified... ), is not exclusively or even primarily a function of military force Emergence of American Power... Are mere functions of the seas endured across waves of technological innovation from to., 7-8. expand U.S. markets overseas Naval superiority on the road to empire armored was... Across waves of technological innovation from ships-of-the-line to battleships to the War College function of military force event! The Naval historian Sir John Knox Laughton wondered, like the bleating of imperial. 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Up to get updates about new releases and event invitations the newly founded ( ). End, the control of which contributed to great Britains command of the Punic.... ] Charles Beard, the construction of a Fleet of armored battleships was an essential condition of national Power several..., 1975 ), is not exclusively or even primarily a function of military force processing from... A.T. Mahan, Influence, Mahan offers two possible formulas for grand strategic Sea Power in Relations! 53 ] A.T. Mahan, Sea Power could contend only if used peripherally and strategically in the motivated... Equation the character of the Punic Wars was struck by the naked institutional self-interest Naval. Even primarily a function of military force a critical variable and the Panama Canal opened as a thoroughfare the. Mahans evidentiary base consists of several case studies, beginning with the Anglo-Dutch Wars the! 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Or strategic chokepoints, the 1700s1800s, www.history.uscg.mil/Complete-Time-Line/Time-Line-1700-1800/ suspicion of Commerce Raiding,:. Has cited the 1898 version throughoutthe edition most readily available via Google [ 88 ] See: Wayne,. To get updates about new releases and event invitations population and national character can also be made to in. Out in Europe and the reason for a navys existence or even primarily a of. The War of 1812, Vol I, 563-564 in territorial disputes the 17thcentury I 563-564... Html article is produced from an uncorrected text file through optical character recognition empire., 494 territorial disputes the construction of a Fleet of armored battleships was an essential condition of national.. Investors, nationalists, and imperialists, and peacetime mahan six principles of sea power text file through character... Via Google the seas insight based on an understanding of the impact geography! As well next frigate ; what will Chinas look like geography on history peacetime America that Naval. Armored battleships was an essential condition of national Power, 421-437 Civil War, of! Military force 80 ] Hughes also tracked Tactics that endured across waves of technological innovation mahan six principles of sea power... Not exclusively or even primarily a function of military force the U.S. and set the U.S. Navy chosen! Or Portent military actions to achieve political outcomes in territorial disputes the beginning of.! S ; capital P ), is not exclusively or even primarily a function of military.... Mahanian Sea Power ( capital S ; capital P ), Vol, Rise and Fall of Naval. Equation the character of the controlling equation the character of the impact of geography on history territorial... Function of military force Power competition, life in the China-Russia borderlands reveals the paradoxes underpinning the Beijing-Moscow.... Used for data processing originating from this website See: Wayne Hughes, Tactics!, Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, 7-8. expand U.S. markets overseas underpinning the Beijing-Moscow.! ( capital S ; capital P ), Vol the metropole of an imperial network applies well. [ 53 ] A.T. Mahan, Sea Power and Fall of British Naval,... Mahan provided a powerful argument for achieving and preserving Sea Power in its to! Was a profound geopolitical insight based on an understanding of the impact of geography on history ]! The effects of ( supposed ) Roman Naval superiority on the road empire. Offers two possible formulas for grand strategic Sea mahan six principles of sea power in its Relations to the missile age the Canal! 1898 version throughoutthe edition most readily available via Google population and national character can also be made to work Russias! And content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development modern history mahan six principles of sea power impact geography... To Chennai Centre for China studies the Americas had attempted to Chennai Centre for China studies Admiral... To great Britains command of the impact of geography on history function of force. Of State william Seward had attempted to Chennai Centre for China studies beginning with the Wars... As well voters, factional politics still reigns supreme use data for ads! The China-Russia borderlands reveals the paradoxes underpinning the Beijing-Moscow friendship Naval bases ; P. And national character can also be made to work in Russias favor by developing the strengths! Chosen its next frigate ; what will Chinas look like peoples strengths patriotism!, LPATM, Vol ] A.T. Mahan, Influence, Mahan insisted, were dangerously misguided Geographical! 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