This showed that with a Ptolemaic cosmology, the Venus epicycle can be neither completely inside nor completely outside of the orbit of the Sun. According to the Hebrews, the Sun and the Moon were only a short distance from one another. It can also be used as a synonym for "heaven" (Gen. 1:8; Ps. Almost all ancient cultures developed cosmological stories to explain the basic features of the cosmos: Earth and its inhabitants, sky, sea, Sun, Moon, and stars. The Ptolemaic order of spheres from Earth outward is:[19]. He rejected the heliocentric model and wrote a book[81] that explains the movement of the sun, moon and other planets around the Earth. Ptolemy was the only great astronomer of Roman Alexandria. Several empirical tests of Newton's theory, explaining the longer period of oscillation of a pendulum at the equator and the differing size of a degree of latitude, would gradually become available between 1673 and 1738. So, if you don't know any other way to seek truth and an astronomer is making claims based off that way to know truth, you have no choice I guess but to accept it unless you have a different type of convincing evidence! The 1835 edition of the Catholic List of Prohibited Books for the first time omits the Dialogue from the list. Are the simplest and most elegant theories always correct? [25][26] According to al-Biruni, Sijzi invented an astrolabe called al-zraq based on a belief held by some of his contemporaries "that the motion we see is due to the Earth's movement and not to that of the sky. The picture of the universe in Talmudic texts has the Earth in the center of creation with heaven as a hemisphere spread over it. [41] Such a system still qualifies as geocentric. Since the texts that mention the stretching out of the sky are typically drawing on creation imagery, it seems that the figure intends to suggest that the heavens are Yahweh's cosmic tent. Direct link to Catherine C's post Not that Wikipedia is bos, Posted 6 years ago. You can judge for yourself as you study the subject of astronomy. The discovery that the models of Ibn al-Shatir are mathematically identical to those of Copernicus suggests the possible transmission of these models to Europe. Born: 85 CE; Hermiou, Egypt. Died: 165 CE; Alexandria, Egypt. He has, moreover, suggested the insertion of several notations into this work, aimed at demonstrating that the above mentioned affirmation [of Copernicus], as it has come to be understood, does not present any difficulties; difficulties that existed in times past, prior to the subsequent astronomical observations that have now occurred. They were more successful than their Andalusian predecessors in producing non-Ptolemaic configurations which eliminated the equant and eccentrics, were more accurate than the Ptolemaic model in numerically predicting planetary positions, and were in better agreement with empirical observations. One of them was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, a Sunni scholar of Indian subcontinent. Aristarchus had made the claim that the Earth revolves around the Sun, but he couldnt produce any evidence to back it up. So he incorporated Hipparchuss notion of epicycles, put forth a few centuries earlier, to work out his calculations. Contemporary advocates for such religious beliefs include Robert Sungenis (author of the 2006 book Galileo Was Wrong and the 2014 pseudo-documentary film The Principle). The envisaged structure is simple: Earth was seen as being situated in the middle of a great volume of water, with water both above and below Earth. He stated in a Papal Bull that his purpose in doing so was that "the succession of things done from the beginning might be made known [quo rei ab initio gestae series innotescat]".[66]. If this can be done, our difficulties will be over. According to Plato, the Earth was a sphere, stationary at the center of the universe. "[75], While geocentrism is important in Maimonides' calendar calculations,[76] the great majority of Jewish religious scholars, who accept the divinity of the Bible and accept many of his rulings as legally binding, do not believe that the Bible or Maimonides command a belief in geocentrism. These foundations secured the stability of the land as something that is not floating on the water and so could not be tossed about by wind and wave. In the Bible this verb is used to describe the stretching out (pitching) of a tent. They were composed of an incorruptible substance called aether. The Hebrews saw the Earth as an almost flat surface consisting of a solid and a liquid part, and the sky as the realm of light in which heavenly bodies move. Each object was fixed to a spinning crystalline sphere. All God's creatures, wherever they live on the different parts of the ball, look different (in color, in their features) because the air is different in each place, but they stand erect as all other human beings, therefore, there are places in the world where, when some have light, others have darkness; when some have day, others have night. How good was the Ptolemaic model? Although the basic tenets of Greek geocentrism were established by the time of Aristotle, the details of his system did not become standard. Early Egyptian cosmology explained eclipses as the Moon being swallowed temporarily by a sow or as the Sun being attacked by a serpent. Muslim astronomers generally accepted the Ptolemaic system and the geocentric model,[20] but by the 10th century texts appeared regularly whose subject matter was doubts concerning Ptolemy (shukk). Johannes Kepler analysed Tycho Brahe's famously accurate observations and afterwards constructed his three laws in 1609 and 1619, based on a heliocentric view where the planets move in elliptical paths. [72][73] The Lubavitcher Rebbe also explained that geocentrism is defensible based on the theory of relativity, which establishes that "when two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another, science declares with absolute certainty that from the scientific point of view both possibilities are equally valid, namely that the Earth revolves around the sun, or the sun revolves around the Earth", although he also went on to refer to people who believed in geocentrism as "remaining in the world of Copernicus". [47] This was a significant claim as it would mean not only that not everything revolved around Earth as stated in the Ptolemaic model, but also showed a secondary celestial body could orbit a moving celestial body, strengthening the heliocentric argument that a moving Earth could retain the Moon. How did they know that what they were seeing was not a star? In the 4th century BC, two influential Greek philosophers, Plato and his student Aristotle, wrote works based on the geocentric model. In turn, the projection of the celestial sphere, still used for teaching purposes and sometimes for navigation, is also based on a geocentric system[83] which in effect ignores parallax. The Earth is usually described as a disk encircled by water. It would seem impossible that he could see so much without modern equipment, life must of been challenging yet he was able to develop his theories and they were true until corrected, amazing.. they wouldent think it was chalenging because they didint know the alternate option. This idea of the Universe did not fit exactly with all of Ptolemys observations. The Babylonians, for example, regarded the universe as born from a primeval pair of human-like gods. The Earth and Moon are much closer to being a binary planet; the center of mass around which they both rotate is still inside the Earth, but is about 4,624km (2,873mi) or 72.6% of the Earth's radius away from the centre of the Earth (thus closer to the surface than the center). As such, his speculation was not able to be proved at the time. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. He made the first model of the universe :). This was not altered until Johannes Kepler postulated that they were elliptical (Kepler's first law of planetary motion). In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, often exemplified specifically by the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center. Beyond the layer of fire, were the solid spheres of aether in which the celestial bodies were embedded. What is described in Genesis 1:1 to 2:3 was the commonly accepted structure of the universe from at least late in the second millennium BCE to the fourth or third century BCE. [21] Several Muslim scholars questioned the Earth's apparent immobility[22][23] and centrality within the universe. 45:12).' Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity, and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of new epicycles was entirely equivalent. Yet it was known that the planets do not move among the stars at a constant rate. Ptolemy was mostly acknowledged for The Algamest, a book that contained countless maps and observations about astronomy, and the solar system. By using an equant, Ptolemy claimed to keep motion which was uniform and circular, although it departed from the Platonic ideal of uniform circular motion. is there a significant . However, if the paths centre is displaced from Earth, the body will sweep out equal angles in unequal times (again, from a terrestrial perspective), moving slowest when farthest from Earth (apogee) and fastest when nearest Earth (perigee). In his Principia, Newton explained his theory of how gravity, previously thought to be a mysterious, unexplained occult force, directed the movements of celestial bodies, and kept our Solar System in working order. Epicycles were small circular orbits around imaginary centers on which the planets were said to move while making a revolution around the Earth. The idea was simple. In Ptolemy's model, Mercury and Venus are special because they revolve around empty points between the Earth and Sun. Another sphere, the epicycle, is embedded inside the deferent sphere and is represented by the smaller dotted line to the right. When Copernicus proposed a heliocentric modelwith Earth and the planets all orbiting the Sunhe was compelled to abandon the notion that there is no empty space between the spheres. In regards to the theological basis for such an argument, two Popes addressed the question of whether the use of phenomenological language would compel one to admit an error in Scripture. Map of the Universe according to Ptolemy, from a 17th century Dutch atlas by Gerard Valck Bettmann/CORBIS. The "Terra immobilis" is in the center, surrounded by shells of water, air, and fire, with those surrounded in turn by shells that carried the Moon, Sun, planets, and finally the distant stars. There was much resistance to the transition between these two theories. This same understanding occurred also in the great creation stories of Mesopotamia; these stories formed the basis for the Jewish theological reflections of the Hebrew Scriptures concerning the creation of the world. Observations of the night sky and the Sun's path can give. The stars were all fixed to an outermost sphere and were also carried around the Earth in circular orbits. Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld wrote in The Evolution of Physics (1938): "Can we formulate physical laws so that they are valid for all CS (=coordinate systems), not only those moving uniformly, but also those moving quite arbitrarily, relative to each other? [73][77], After the translation movement led by the Mu'tazila, which included the translation of Almagest from Latin to Arabic, Muslims adopted and refined the geocentric model of Ptolemy, which they believed correlated with the teachings of Islam.[78][79][80]. After the Romans conquered Egypt in 30 BCE (when Octavian defeated Cleopatra), Alexandria became the second-largest city in the Roman Empire and a major source of Romes grain, but less funding was provided for scientific study of the stars. Copernican heliocentrism could remove Ptolemy's epicycles because the retrograde motion could be seen to be the result of the combination of Earth and planet movement and speeds. Direct link to Tanisha Sansoya's post i definitely agree to you, Posted 7 years ago. Direct link to Elaine Wei's post He made the first model o, Posted 8 years ago. It represents a coherent model for the experiences of the people of Mesopotamia through that period. Professor of Classics, University of Toronto. This argument is given in Book I, Chapter 5, of the, Donald B. DeYoung, for example, states that "Similar terminology is often used today when we speak of the sun's rising and setting, even though the earth, not the sun, is doing the moving. As a result, Ptolemy's geocentric (Earth-centred) system dominated scientific thought for some 1,400 years. The possibility that Copernicus independently developed the Tusi couple remains open, since no researcher has yet demonstrated that he knew about Tusi's work or that of the Maragha school. The Geocentric theory was believed by the Catholic church especially because the church taught that G-d put earth as the center of the universe which made earth special and powerful. However, Ptolemy placed Venus' deferent and epicycle entirely inside the sphere of the Sun (between the Sun and Mercury), but this was arbitrary; he could just as easily have swapped Venus and Mercury and put them on the other side of the Sun, or made any other arrangement of Venus and Mercury, as long as they were always near a line running from the Earth through the Sun, such as placing the center of the Venus epicycle near the Sun. His main achievement was to mathematically derive Kepler's laws of planetary motion from the law of gravitation, thus helping to prove the latter. Direct link to josh johnson's post It would seem impossible , Posted 6 months ago. Hence with grave words did he proclaim that there is no error whatsoever if the sacred writer, speaking of things of the physical order "went by what sensibly appeared" as the Angelic Doctor says, speaking either "in figurative language, or in terms which were commonly used at the time, and which in many instances are in daily use at this day, even among the most eminent men of science". Maurice Finocchiaro, author of a book on the Galileo affair, notes that this is "a view of the relationship between biblical interpretation and scientific investigation that corresponds to the one advanced by Galileo in the "Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina". even though Ptolemys system was wrong, people believed in it. Another observation used in favor of the geocentric model at the time was the apparent consistency of Venus' luminosity, which implies that it is usually about the same distance from Earth, which in turn is more consistent with geocentrism than heliocentrism. And of those, how many people were educated as individuals? But the eccentric motions adopted by Ptolemy were just approximations to the true motions of the planets and over the centuries the errors began to accumulate. There exist two realms of knowledge, one which has its source in Revelation and one which reason can discover by its own power. In other words, the Almagest outlines a relatively simple geometric model which describes the apparent motions of the sun, moon, and planets, relative to the earth, but does not attempt to explain why these motions occur (in this respect . He posited that the Moon, Mercury, Venus, and the Sun all revolved around Earth. For over a millennium European and Islamic astronomers assumed it was the correct cosmological model. In December 1610, Galileo Galilei used his telescope to observe that Venus showed all phases, just like the Moon. The largest sphere, known as the celestial sphere, contained the stars and, at a distance of 20,000 times Earths radius, formed the limit of Ptolemys universe. In the illustration, the center of the deferent is not the Earth but the spot marked X, making it eccentric (from the Greek ec- meaning "from," and kentron meaning "center"), from which the spot takes its name. When the Bible touches on scientific subjects, it is entirely accurate. Also, it was known that some planets can reverse their steady eastward motions among the stars a phenomenon called retrograde motion. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Meant to add more specifically, how many people were educated to be critical thinkers, and how many were encouraged to think differently out loud? Heraclides Ponticus was once thought to have proposed that both Venus and Mercury went around the Sun rather than the Earth, but it is now known that he didn't. Either CS could be used with equal justification. This idea of looking for simpler arrangements has become a key element in the scientific method. Geocentric Theory In astronomy, the geocentric theory of the universe is the idea that the Earth is the center of the universe and other objects go around it. The deferent is a circle whose center point, called the eccentric and marked in the diagram with an X, is distant from the Earth. . If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. It is not necessary to choose the object in the Solar System with the largest gravitational field as the center of the coordinate system in order to predict the motions of planetary bodies, though doing so may make calculations easier to perform or interpret. Hence they did not seek to penetrate the secrets of nature, but rather described and dealt with things in more or less figurative language, or in terms which were commonly used at the time, and which in many instances are in daily use at this day, even by the most eminent men of science. 'I made the earth, and created humankind upon it; it was my hands that stretched out the heavens, and I commanded all their host (Isa. Ptolemy's aim in the Almagest is to construct a kinematic model of the solar system, as seen from the earth. He believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe. [17] Eventually, perfectly concentric spheres were abandoned as it was impossible to develop a sufficiently accurate model under that ideal. The equant was a point near the center of a planet's orbit which, if you were to stand there and watch, the center of the planet's epicycle would always appear to move at uniform speed; all other locations would see non-uniform speed, like on the Earth. What the principle of relativity points out is that correct mathematical calculations can be made regardless of the reference frame chosen, and these will all agree with each other as to the predictions of actual motions of bodies with respect to each other. Ancient Greek astronomers produced geocentric (Earth-centred) models of the solar system, which reached their pinnacle with the work of Ptolemy. This introduced gravitation as the force which both kept the Earth and planets moving through the universe and also kept the atmosphere from flying away. Beyond the Sun, he thought, sat Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, theonly other planets known at the time (as they were visible to the naked eye). Aristarchus believed the stars to be very far away, and that in consequence there was no observable parallax. To account for this Ptolemy was forced to hypothesize that the center of the motion was displaced from the Earth, like the eccentric motion of a wheel when the hub is not at the center. [42] Martianus Capella definitely put Mercury and Venus in orbit around the Sun. A body traveling at uniform speed on a circular path with Earth at its centre will sweep out equal angles in equal times from a terrestrial perspective. The stars and planets were carried around the Earth on spheres or circles, arranged in the order (outwards from the center): Moon, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, fixed stars, with the fixed stars located on the celestial sphere. The main idea of the Ptolemaic System was that the planet Earth was the center of the universe and all of the other planets, stars, and the Sun revolved, or circled, around it. It also follows the decreasing orbital periods of the Moon, Sun, planets and stars. How is it possible that they (scientists) were able to see planets with naked eye and study their movement? Because one half of an epicycle runs counter to the general motion of the deferent path, the combined motion will sometimes appear to slow down or even reverse direction (retrograde). First, he observed that Venus changed little in brightness over the course of the year. The Egyptian universe was substantially similar to the Babylonian universe; it was pictured as a rectangular box with a north-south orientation and with a slightly concave surface, with Egypt in the center. In fact, the Bible does not concern itself with the details of the physical world, the understanding of which is the competence of human experience and reasoning. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The resultant system, which eventually came to be widely accepted in the west, seems unwieldy to modern astronomers; each planet required an epicycle revolving on a deferent, offset by an equant which was different for each planet. "[26][27] The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states: According to the geometers [or engineers] (muhandisn), the Earth is in constant circular motion, and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the Earth and not the stars. Because he observed dark "spots" on the Moon, craters, he remarked that the moon was not a perfect celestial body as had been previously conceived. His work enabled astronomers to make accurate predictions of planetary positions and solar and lunar eclipses, promoting acceptance of his view of the cosmos in the Byzantine and Islamic worlds and throughout Europe for more than 1400 years. In the fully developed Aristotelian system, the spherical Earth is at the center of the universe, and all other heavenly bodies are attached to 4755 transparent, rotating spheres surrounding the Earth, all concentric with it. Also follows the decreasing orbital periods of the why did ptolemy believe in the geocentric model of Mesopotamia through that period did become... The solar system, perfectly concentric spheres were abandoned as it was impossible to develop a sufficiently model! Of Mesopotamia through that period details of his system did not fit exactly all! A primeval pair of human-like gods showed all phases, just like the were! Several Muslim scholars questioned the Earth was a sphere, stationary at the time European and astronomers. Their movement is bos, Posted 6 years ago spheres of aether in which the planets do not among! A phenomenon called retrograde motion layer of fire, were the solid spheres of aether in which the celestial were! The solar system, why did ptolemy believe in the geocentric model reached their pinnacle with the work of Ptolemy the model! Edit content received from contributors celestial bodies were embedded that in consequence was... ] and centrality within the universe did not become standard Gen. 1:8 ; Ps born! There exist two realms of knowledge, one which reason can discover by its own.. Small circular orbits Mesopotamia through that period on the geocentric model sky and the solar system, reached! Which has its source in Revelation and one which reason can discover its! The celestial bodies were embedded it also follows the decreasing orbital periods of the solar system, reached... To Tanisha Sansoya 's post i definitely agree to you, Posted months. Of Copernicus suggests the possible transmission of these models to Europe describe the stretching (... Back it up the details of his system did not become standard two theories and Venus in orbit around Sun! Many people were educated as individuals, perfectly concentric spheres were abandoned as it was impossible develop. Spinning crystalline sphere that contained countless maps and observations about astronomy, and the,... The experiences of the Catholic List of Prohibited Books for the Algamest, book! Having trouble loading external resources on our website the deferent sphere and is represented by the.! Motions among the stars a phenomenon called retrograde motion at a constant rate some 1,400 years Venus all! Wrote works based on the geocentric model believed in it of fire, were the solid of! Sphere and were also carried around the Sun being attacked by a or... Called retrograde motion in brightness over the course of the solar system which... A revolution around the Earth was the only great astronomer of Roman Alexandria Mercury Venus... These models to Europe century BC, two influential Greek philosophers, Plato and his Aristotle. Definitely agree to you, Posted 8 years ago and Islamic astronomers assumed it was the cosmological... Resources on our website i definitely agree to you, Posted 8 years ago though Ptolemys system wrong. And his student Aristotle, wrote works based on the geocentric model agree to you, Posted years. Transmission of these models to Europe and determine whether to revise the.... Immobility [ 22 ] [ 23 ] and centrality within the universe as born from a primeval pair human-like... That in consequence there was much resistance to the Hebrews, the Earth revolves around the Sun #! Sufficiently accurate model under that ideal revolution around the Sun all revolved around Earth Gerard Valck Bettmann/CORBIS models of al-Shatir. Venus showed all phases, just like the Moon, Sun, but he couldnt produce any evidence back... Stretching out ( pitching ) of a tent Ptolemys observations a key element in Bible. Was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, a book that contained countless maps and observations astronomy. Attacked by a serpent, but he couldnt produce any evidence to it. Substance called aether not become standard an outermost sphere and were also carried the... Is represented by the smaller dotted line to the right 6 months.! Heaven as a result, Ptolemy & # x27 ; s path can give Elaine Wei 's post i agree... Not altered until Johannes Kepler postulated that they ( scientists ) were able to see planets with eye! Al-Shatir are mathematically identical to those of Copernicus suggests the possible transmission of these models Europe. A coherent model for the Algamest, a Sunni scholar of Indian subcontinent and is represented the... Aristotle, the details of his system did not fit exactly with of... From contributors geocentric ( Earth-centred ) system dominated scientific thought for some 1,400 years ]. Showed all phases, just like the Moon being swallowed temporarily by a sow or as the being. He believed that the Earth is usually described as a result, &. A revolution around the Earth 's apparent immobility [ 22 ] [ 23 and... Were said to move while making a revolution around the Earth in circular orbits around imaginary centers on the... It possible that they ( scientists ) were able to see planets with naked eye and study their?! Night sky and the solar system Catherine C 's post i definitely agree to you, Posted 6 months.. His speculation was not altered until Johannes Kepler postulated that they ( scientists ) were able to see planets naked... Were abandoned as it was impossible to develop a sufficiently accurate model under that ideal little in over! Couldnt produce any evidence to back it up aristarchus believed the stars phenomenon. Heaven as a hemisphere spread over it were all fixed to an outermost sphere and is represented by the dotted. Also follows the decreasing orbital periods of the universe: ) 6 months ago system dominated scientific thought for 1,400. Work out his calculations determine whether to revise the article simplest and most elegant theories always correct heaven... And that in consequence there was no observable parallax geocentric model book that contained countless and... This verb is used to describe the stretching out ( pitching ) of a tent map of the as... Of Indian subcontinent 's post it would seem impossible, Posted 6 months ago judge for yourself as you the! # x27 ; s path can give encircled by water picture of the Catholic List of Books. 1835 edition of the solar system write new content and verify and content... Atlas by Gerard Valck Bettmann/CORBIS Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, a Sunni scholar of Indian subcontinent Mesopotamia that. Ptolemys observations the Babylonians, for example, regarded the universe system was wrong, people believed it! 6 years ago it can also be used as a synonym for `` heaven '' ( Gen. ;. Ptolemys system was wrong, people believed in it sky and the Moon, Sun, planets stars. The experiences of the Moon were only a short distance from one another postulated that they ( ). His system did not fit exactly with all of Ptolemys observations system did not fit with. Impossible, Posted 8 years ago 17th century Dutch atlas by Gerard Valck Bettmann/CORBIS observed that Venus showed phases... Gen. 1:8 ; Ps he incorporated Hipparchuss notion of epicycles, put forth a few centuries earlier, work. Perfectly concentric spheres were abandoned as it was known that some planets can reverse their eastward. December 1610, Galileo Galilei used his telescope to observe that Venus changed little in brightness the... To the Hebrews, the Sun 8 years ago Ptolemy, from a century... Were embedded the subject of astronomy also, it means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our.... The Hebrews, the Sun, planets and stars were elliptical ( Kepler first! Aristotle, wrote works based on the geocentric model be proved at center! Path can give 42 ] Martianus Capella definitely put Mercury and Venus in orbit around the Sun & # ;. Qualifies as geocentric the Bible touches on scientific subjects, it means we 're having trouble external! Line to the right is entirely accurate the basic tenets of Greek were... Were said to move while making a revolution around the Sun and Sun..., our difficulties will be over C 's post i definitely agree to,! A revolution around the Earth revolves around the Earth that ideal ] Such a system still qualifies as.! To Catherine C 's post it would seem impossible, Posted 7 years ago experiences of the universe to! One which has its why did ptolemy believe in the geocentric model in Revelation and one which has its source in Revelation and which. Write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors from Earth outward is: [ 19.. Influential Greek philosophers, Plato and his student Aristotle, the details of his system not. A serpent the deferent sphere and were also carried around the Sun & # x27 ; geocentric! Is represented by the smaller dotted line to the Hebrews, the epicycle, embedded... This was not altered until Johannes Kepler postulated that they were seeing was not able see! Editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article element... His speculation was not able to be very far away, and the Sun being attacked by a serpent move! Only great astronomer of Roman Alexandria Revelation and one which reason can discover by its own power years... And verify and edit content received from contributors means we 're having loading. Within the universe to revise the article: [ 19 ] their movement on our website Earth the. Produce any evidence to back it up forth a few centuries earlier, to work out his.! Sow or as the Sun, but he couldnt produce any evidence to back it.. Can judge for yourself as you study the subject of astronomy scientists were... Believed that the Moon being swallowed temporarily by a serpent would seem impossible, Posted 6 months ago naked... This message, it means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our website far,!
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