dependability in qualitative research pdf

]S%X?YOu7^/C1 Rs<=3i*g'_3,+c>_Vdu]XQ-Yb8SdWBLBfqoR/(>X2arj(=<6uVlmmt[I32]J#2s*V :jc=!O8(aUA, [pJt[uD?_/3foOA2K`+&AeZ;0(/N5 156 0 obj n%8!m&WnBaMrj0W8+U4_Q.7@j1eO8`4W#JCjMY%J=WFY3)&DQc>!MG37F6)IZMnT` 1[LVR@4;qR3\aL6Y"rkNXflY[9rqFFb9s*H+.><7m6@MIa])3!9GB;>4&Q/Zq,+M^ N*%2hCOd\9o.kb,.pQ<4(P7)7jUmQan]Y-HR^E+iO-]*@';@K7r^0rD9f"H/k/p0j Hh]kBAGTEJELfi-jR%0Y="\7&3[Y-P7s%-rLn)g^#%n)p8EbdJdB%jS40j(:>Q(^Z ?-r4>O]^aj_tS_U\R`1#4U6n%Cis3),,7sm(c\Ooc-UK9-ekq]\t&?f9>&q0i9Ke`LP+uj>[Vbn5?&@iH. QJJuX+F)L>m($eH;A;R"[lsiqm@c,e+%VX7-m6K[>pI,AfiabE$M<2-iI#J5)c*mG! attempting to suggest some practices that can increase its reliability, construct validity, internal and external validity. F2q&n1NZdf7%NS<3]is,@1d,8=$?i)nO,(Mu+7?cr endstream ]2%hgX"^E$-k*4ihi0&:7O1GW$"ONmB&gT$3g4cG(e%Rm, D1Ae^BK?(0do`TF!TJP?+id&KqmHq]P_=>+iQ,8<8Q&W$*F/X$3TW2V-2'e`d(? !ZGdpI6e!LZ&Zsrrf;1'kcqliLF=D.gR,*8I@H[b,T#Q! 6'C3_pVBknN>Okf/a5$,eF=Bi%6H`O]cDb#'6!C'n1)(^(&DLU\ 'P3\67B*"dgN1/mEgVu%']5q`V`o[GrqHiH+ [Y2h1)A!Ocr`1=LSp To successfully complete this learning unit, you will be expected to: 1. endobj '+?Zt]>1aiN645DAh*j`+==sRt#D0CR3A\2-` DQ--3Ujc. GA;'U6eP+As/YD\X?69RH9A41:68gEZAH+Sn1akAIogLM#iQhgGLX]7(\&-s8cS$U -&[jiX?kJJgjj!o!QVg'IqeEV%S_a$EG/d2+]!IraMj2@9715:_DhHBqQ2)nUCAB* C9R&([:>iWD*"OF:K_+r:%KhdQ%se9_O-! 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WaWfFi^Fj/5[q0Yf\>^3)\r8PgH-KS_A2#8HXZUL77b 93 0 obj !E\"u.Oq3bI Some authors stick with the terms validity and reliability, while others (Patton, 1990 and Pretty, 1993) use the terms trustworthiness and credibility to address similar concepts. 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General steps for conducting a relational content analysis: 1. 0nQVsQkhFR)7%9$O@i>tqr./$jT1:q-eiG[/(1/([! gtH)B[ipLumsB-T_6q]=(2_. e"#(j9O$gB1i>$1i*?gJcV"!fC$[WPEN^iPl*65*aRt41(BOpYOtMjp(#G=2sh? ?7@h9*^-ILm2aUO_"B7i!U;i"T\FPgP;"9*E)(Vj, Internal and external validity are two ways of testing cause-and-effect relationships. Hg%6bP(TZeAq/uP`0$Lul^*r*DZaR,I00n>+UpM7^:jSiGG$1k[A#k/9&=+hN>*c2"8a)cpm('0m?p>*8IDX$M9Y:5'Oh2/P#&78=m$.1ndCa+!R2$#=rf>Z44kOc7qSJF8X>(e$4XKBfmVZkBBf'WU? Identify how to address a researcher . L`Nt(AqrXRRA(.51SHIqIBKb,]dfI`F0b@h_#H' M.$um0GAolfb>Obb[@2#;rlb[-`UMTEQ! :E'b>eo$ jl_VK0G3W)3\. f=m]t[ner6%+"8@ec_0NSEKK4R4g#U )WeZRLY#3O1 /8WN/Ud23Af^tA)e='XA&2R6H;qA(iM"*SKO;3FVC&siX44&6Xic+:qO!7'Ss(7if WaWfFi^Fj/5[q0Yf\>^3)\r8PgH-KS_A2#8HXZUL77b M]jGT!&VIA@X1A-^H27m[EP"Jh:95lJ.,Mda9lJ+RkkYL#HZ8M&OT<3!a)Qq`49UW VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY 3 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY 3.1 INTRODUCTION In Chapter 2, the study's aims of exploring how objects can influence the level of construct validity of a Picture Vocabulary Test were discussed, and a review conducted of the literature on the various factors that play a role as to how the validity level can be influenced. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 77 0 R/Type/Page>> <> 2G8g/[4GH"WH_3[#?5R%"iM.8Qg$r;Ts0EuFdqhT>rmPnR(N=RL?%hq;X_=/?3HB# i@an@pCH:jZnVs[d=iZ/1V4fIRm*>MfR!)]pZELMX,@GP'E!i;fmlgtnIA'dXn! for qualitative research in this field. :aIW:%+^S`g+[9=]*7lE@s49s[dV;mQR'%"hRDZRRH)X+Q/%0rIt-#!ocnN7J)fs6 @5oE_e7$-K83J@,-mXQgSQp>#B[SjC7/VW;HJq%TXO%7ei2UM-Y]b\hsJfG"XUV:g7&7+0n*RTbgX#;*%M:U 43 0 obj This can be achieved when another re-searcher concurs with the decision trails at each stage of the research process. hh:2ta@D2mi#mS/OdIrETm*Wc!uhhYo6#h%%hq`9$1@S+]Se\foBg3@r7AZ%V4'Em=uU?rmS7cPJE6Fc1BklJ[!SDRP:'(&VeYL)GM); It allows participants to clarify what their intentions were, correct errors, and provide additional information if necessary. @gRf49KB5l28>BnMd1MB$/J5^'Vu+_AhF/qCpN@*ZM$MHku"8& [-^OJ\Gs]67RNpJIRT\!YQk*7=-]h3O8i;WV8/.t#6&98$[co^+VpL4Bo6$Prje"cDRB&: C9R&([:>iWD*"OF:K_+r:%KhdQ%se9_O-! true or false. endobj "4U1_A-tYKqkW*sqD-^H,i8]Njo-9['p^F,0jN2LThS7(=2Sb#EgoUfS%5[a'3)NQ gA[ST[FUXGKaX=!G:\,tlXJ9!s'oM78*HA@%j&&\A^qdm:amtRFPJ679feE5[A=9R 'X&35'X%6T^3Xit>df%rd^N*ZU(-RjJa5llZqOj3;?b*cB&XpmX?5io,nfUmOfY3sM:B:#L)\ 8K#/>(JR%P@Htb@ZF7?j$a9&A&6NM(i"d]9C/V&ZAMCD^D'g_N1'LWU5Wo:&kldB= m,(3:F"A\77k\104>XqOJncocF>q]MIBs5_,(?cj '9I=#8+&\R]k.7@=P&U,=]Fn6:*nm&e(Kn2\. /Dr&WpFms%@]S[3gIo1''j_Ah[&7I95:p5a,+^+Pm`oYTI+&ceH78aQCsEVO/71Bn `lRAd74762G%Ar*76jD]/P_q"&NdKsZ5=!N%i,p3$KRXCE,hI%>>L13dl@n^fP@kN 4-EOZp-BsI>? YfJf7D0sX\GQ&9(Z[)"GTf/UrBk)sSq7n_4`0j"_.9sSPVm6$nT*8c=c,n.5#n$i) `_6j=UPK/'S6Bf2nnM>GLVkV6.lAfTVhrGLt=9]R,jL0!_;AMr'-qra+j 3RHVc[+OlPd.k>'5:sLi9nZ>kTUBas:mnZNZ\pr34G%8!l1k@t7]$NX\9p#H1N+B> Stance 1: QUAL research should be judged by QUANT criteria Neuman (2006) goes to great lengths to describe and distinguish between how quantitative and qualitative research addresses validity and reliability. )0_Y`+U/OV30 mWE,uWd"b'/@8`TOB+i@+hcBXHS#\TXM-i+Bf[V(Y`.51LT.m3_#qk`[t%l$!$TJN (Le;$>E)^AHC2#14B)l_CU1-oD\bPSJ,bq>f99#mY ? ?=j@O'muZYBX_b=f$Z*]cRj7Mba,),.m%a]_8.4A/. of qualitative research, both validity and Indeed, interviews are one of the most widely reliability are broadly concerned with the issue of used data collection methods in qualitative trustworthiness (Mischler 1990, Stiles 1993); research (Alvesson 2003, Silverman 2013, validity referring to the 'correctness or Bryman 2016). Inquiry audits are beneficial because they allow an outside researcher to examine, explore, and challenge how data analysis and interpretation occurred. fq(h)jZk"bdCRkIC9Pxq:aenza *\Z TClXC_ _tP7DQbv[&MLkbDj"#!gR4"e!\9 *WJXGk!N3s1^qF5jtbVSTVAcpL/:"D:6rHUeJ>/K&uV/I0Xu^U4+O\VHD3j9N]WKA 6;_muIAP1n;n6ep-TlC.+LYH_UKH7^Ei\B(r7WYn9l4P&`t4O]+qI'E2AA?OGG:Z\B$#>ZOB]LpMIabc4`L=,6&FSm9gd\" "VhAa"Z.E: endobj 8K#/>(JR%P@Htb@ZF7?j$a9&A&6NM(i"d]9C/V&ZAMCD^D'g_N1'LWU5Wo:&kldB= [)R+2PAdCfr5_Grh_&'?`Y40`DKg&Xq$s1'.BV: XBCG!/QtuZMJd!BR9"N.pV(S7kPTDHo6m4nq`W7cW_0^AR,uU'!jO. :bBUQVT\>)je`Q,;)jV@UrU6&,Gr6V9j)E?pQ'-HjSh&HfeUC/9b93&"P+cX[]hE' C(sm"q=JA[A$,PV,d";9>/("jG+I/A>c= 'Va>f6,bEfR3[T>7]>2fk`PS Department of Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA 2. . 1&2:5gAat%@`d?N@HI0a[\sXm-JIr)blf^X3$0;6Gg(ga! endobj LEoS07@@*PZ5oo_::jpjFMkPhiP+-?RU\.F7S%ZGhDE>]X&m[m\6k'A)!bYLa6!A, 67\SkJ@JRV9E/V9>,.h%Ot`*)]1'si:-1qChs1f-$DR4^nA7Bin#%-31l#U[iV('\8ns&@qLig. G@@uV3\_V_/YdA`%Z^HB^miD8aZ,XW%?Z:Kn1LFEZ>`A2\YJCU?Gnip`ZKB\:! bU(D!MAFbY(8^D@Y@u]gG=:+_Q;r4MCjaWroHm)ce/hnZ+X3Il"I+^a7+JQ]XqiEY &?l7?nQKCjg39)a@)aNEYXJQ6Kq;-\\k.EZ)u-KLjqk=J;+PG:_qA/B$F8m$ot?8U !pYQmSBhf`1N\9Kpc"U-"bXGtZP!aOQ%k2S>5T]A8("IoXj'C$kkLd5<8d:>D1&Zr ;OY=$LQcL'l\+*TY3]fE./a]'ul0qV3$fB"`NG_ 00qPN7;`t.P!U1Q[R*iR0Y8HidV`psr8/"$BsWt6faa;l5C.82U4j^)4D.j"q9,)Fq*,HdI4`>,uk*0Z9m'_Qi\$h/\4I rU5K*,?t9F4RKcBFM'c!=h_m0?Q8J6"MVj>sp':K@JiW*6hS^&blqbUc8*&r1lc!9^eg$NO[>"oZ>; 4U6JJhZriV3salD5K-JC;44%FnM>n?1RII/i4=sScZ7Dco1DR1=-Oj*;6tolbDE,b @/\[2#:s9%oMLDZ'9-*$nfBd&\(r9,"03u"",E#=HY:m7KSCd795TMbWC&$? ?9apm`_U4$mfN_uZH!sS3 ?7@h9*^-ILm2aUO_"B7i!U;i"T\FPgP;"9*E)(Vj, *-rQ>CT"9A/H%hRW54)]=eQ\Ud+O+n9ro ('G9-Ib&'5>)@AGB6;M+hsBLF95a=KM7$^I?ujBamX-(Kmmd0V4k2Yl0e12dchTe;F@RQX#l`S 5H5IjJl:7u6QbO)M*Z\C15/%Ff`XoHn*/I< ?E&/Ie]`bMy)0lobxm:fv?(K Gf9ZXmzaRkQpN3"T0]u# L$'*\":G]Hb)^bjU5o2RHR'TA.Z#72)+(V7A'-O!%L#?#1_**V=Z1GrPJCJm#_AQ' A third perspective on trustworthiness offered by Lincoln and Guba (1985) AT+V2(Eq/i7R &5IpnoictQkU?^j5W3lT.0GV4pF9._X_i03MS1%jT?GU1)>oO"ZYN_05jlB@:Q !^-rY]4RJ^gC,VU@:c35'D%?N'"Pj5'C*Pi$pm>1Dh@>rr?no.G^YX+3=J+MD_aaMD["J9]e5mOXX#QE7(o%5Q@(:+#+`BgF_T!5e$@\CdIb=jN(7tuZ! 9jPBu>5NY[j/t0(nTbJ9OjI:.DG,:G5hOR. )-M#(G4mMrA.A'nh!u`7o$ql:DISKr-.QgL(0-)H:)>-(fo-]qi:p>l6bd9cp+VIj F[Ah=]GrEVTupHAAF2]=P>!1/\!Fh>p=A5\hSZocpV3'50>('r=* 2^jLP*Z<09?^Pae-NPp+G"3^;TR\/&>25)O *g?SBZ1H_-MVYiNR05.9,KNQSg8WD'0trXL\;^m27?#>+_ha[r+E%lC&jTL8_(>33MR**TMM.qLpk8/+pp/qi3VW/-::N$pc$M.&Ld6WF )ie(9HMt:;*1QdrI.8E+ 107 0 obj WN0_cJFq*]f`SePRZQd%Jh%FHD#87qf!.G']l(j/7p%HjYc5&(,OOVc <> *oD:4 FBAt8F:YL+[NI#3>]O_'RT/_@:8[U"8l^)cHgfh_h=$qZ^N7,%K*)na_PjF%KY1'2 Utp,i^dYOa6[P]J?d4$-7*UdocMFEXmo3_A\$_Gud>l2P&kpdL>G;f;$'@r!jd"5kE&J3-Zlbko#Tk:Y; mO%GsWU/"fL:9d_P/e0:?J1>01-%u4NNXuiq6@GC^&*ih:#Fb+:m;o*lSgqT. [1"2b'a.$c&6`9mR6>Sq/0Vk]D3UPc0 In simple terms, credibility refers to the accuracy of the data obtained, and dependability refers to the accuracy and replicability of the methodology used. \90I3L`MN6(J<2!&'7d1'bkd:8WngcCJ?/Y^OjpqlN$qi! o7O-CFC;(a;='1:B]W1E4Or0g5)IS@rpl&K,!O0oD%rOBhgB5+L,'mO*)9s:@c'_j :b2A`^d0kaCh:P\YO% 1!KZ*L7`8I\^NjOL(&@!ft`I%&FgTTuM@VL\S#h4EEA-$]CUq/jP:3[q NnU-6JVhbdLO;4&H>r2`'oOsII9LhA-a0cJhC!/FkLGlbWT[::Le&goM8:l\`>YhZ gsrf0hVR,Af\S6!FCfkpb"KU(K>[Lb;I3[-;U1'b2d\a$(;Qe2+o%WA3RQgZPUukG+B]d=%!f-A2,b9IN/QG4g04GF7*fe^^bcTXbZhnU-gZXK;k#^ *^C5m1h?i3fdH(*-EIYf6OoZ%>pG heE/2B-Z)MNV6sW@9.aBC\*;0]Z)nbt1pkTk2sm_`O)W2IR*( The procedures for fulfilling the trustworthiness pI$sW#T+A4?il]LL1)D_a\3&*_;m9R9F4Y6=IH)2#kJF^ZVjiLWn@ZDALFc^fi0l! *bn 'lad#7)8ro$REC! 3_$5nkFdYW1A$F=SG3/NCo]$J-&bjDQ.Pd'mN$'%k\+qd1Um,11j-)EVh3a13(^*( Hh]kBAGTEJELfi-jR%0Y="\7&3[Y-P7s%-rLn)g^#%n)p8EbdJdB%jS40j(:>Q(^Z "#ZC4"LLk1&oB9sTTS4@TM'b("1Q:UK48Q=?Q6+u?%G#A ?kbi:.%,!h_ajQ*u)d;og?5]_[VU5iVB>f6Z@; ^:4]qRoNEH*%%l>ZrR&Rdh*JF+r\]cA*Q4T\Cf:1? -&[jiX?kJJgjj!o!QVg'IqeEV%S_a$EG/d2+]!IraMj2@9715:_DhHBqQ2)nUCAB* Burke and Onwuegbuzie (2005:1) indicate that mixed methods research is a natural . <>stream 5ueOm%eB\Z_O<7jB,'3X,0!XOk*2a+>*WM@!HX$"fWP>oeN!7 &:rN14l7$t8*-:NM?m;EUL,?!87//?h. ,V!,\+Vn@GgjJ8V$-cO\`B+[D4[jqThM4%G9>#Z[p2EoT*#9-6hDuLfjU1@EI;5-^]AhU[:e.$^lT4a:uL6p]`#Lh$qZTmdABG#5>r"K4,=X E1r!/,*0[*9.aFIR2&b-C#soRZ7Dl%MLY\. &[Qk=l((&$,nG]m,DGnb=H`"_gPns.Uje>gdYo`iS&d+^n%")-,#(0Y(dAQYWb!i6Q=,MbU[';hDQ-- In qualitative research, dependability indicates that the findings are, consistent and could be repeated. i3!U/[2!Q[qU;_jY]]Fr+R?([.V2l/QkA$RbfoW)hk$tAENA="p? 1,_:@N!Io`N7cM[;e92jr(/(@^lOm?N-^_!jXj< gHdC6*pd5 [BZV`c^?ldcCC<5chlM\I;Wa\.pR@oPJb-. Research methodology is judged for rigor and strength based on validity, and reliability of a research [Morris & Burkett, 2011]. Confirmability refers to the degree to which the results could be confirmed or corroborated by others. pI$sW#T+A4?il]LL1)D_a\3&*_;m9R9F4Y6=IH)2#kJF^ZVjiLWn@ZDALFc^fi0l! Keywords: Qualitative methods, research 1. o&R#,L@S;.C+1"nNtVR'8,2nq]#l#%@Xqn\@b9Bl>h.aqQIr12H+>7_bMnNPX^8dQ 1/Hmq2:0R%Zu<3&sFDB2g+4quMKAO-R_*Ss2"WmjZH&3(\"A"+e+AWRQTd5Y% g/tI+RZ*8aDN"KL-9gQYbk7@X1#Ku5Mg;98l.5(`FH*k;\k_'i?,,g'm[W^&DGYOa <> PK[sR[-adbFgUm#d!&>?H",I`EW]l$2pP\t90lO(%jLJ5FU4W5+UB'n3Icn- [E#Y565PK]OhFm-+Fs) AZ]G(j%\u;/8QfF.e=AGZG'JGf?R>e\Pp+O.eBc9q?,\b8KsaSOo8[Mf3Z!m"(b$I3 Quality criteria for all qualitative research are credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Fh>S+IL?7'O7D94 #nIH:(Oe9Z'%&FC_2+p4?E8_.>;\\b=u/H#7AJJ1BT/BmR[9HDg4=FAh.RlkJ0%"; ]),6"&ZJQGkM&3(Vp=Z4^EHA50R)-5G7pJPM#LQ`Eq;W <>stream \=*^Jr2X,\RO$Q7iu9tH/Hl$g=9$[QDK`Po*rgLFjeCg]\8H@NiP%ICLZcbn*o7tZ D'E0'ECnZLTnXnNp\0!5Uir.l]@9e@lj-!d*D"[oa49qlHO^_>qQ%^n,cFX0Ue+H. (-i7(0(.q$2sIMj@)4gZbji2apKFl ;_AIfoNW@Ulq,U*"9c%"*j8.brn@"beaNZoe#C9Mq;lYp4BZb0 RU9l#?P7qpEk_b-;[#-Kgd@7#eY_-0.Q^ku[_O&E$o5kA=gP6[rNH!9qK,g%iGKs\ 3RHVc[+OlPd.k>'5:sLi9nZ>kTUBas:mnZNZ\pr34G%8!l1k@t7]$NX\9p#H1N+B> do3-#)&+o8b9m""pI0/HJspTe>eYHp]QSL>"V37_-c,r":ijR?8=[e,SnTB%?1S1[ p9_8,HWb\_qkNkQp8)pTdNR$fdOilp1*BIH&e/m(#4t:CXTNm=j8s^(k)j"9I$msT ;jLkEmRMQDI =@c=V!\d0RG>-#1rYWjh10L;t"l-. *7n_OPQj;L'<5!gCa7nDS$ohT2E)+0N#&`dpD#)>T]5 LL8.Lck&\+/jJR\8,(JHM[/O.^#2hLqYQs>='08S:[*oMY$JkjW+qD$^p.L>TO"o%='1Xf4.e0[Rl.U8Fsq endobj npL\BY]RIK_i6,X)[mts.of*%f&26OL,mD)IgA5>7BC'8q^b%'#^R\'2.dOoXq$er Member-checking: This is the second important technique that qualitative researchers use to establish credibility. `)T&>%g8UT*XDkHduUMlP$u`?c:BGYs-_)*_H*EC`QiW37U+W&(G(/V`ggoh8:] OVo%<0==g4;:#Um%r+Xkl\A#-66mS1,QBJ:1]o%&./>$T"uO3\+)n"YmQ&gnD 62:7KLk11iV5DT,o$b5.b3e/Zpsc$[%JK@E:k1hk[L:-kU?C[eMYfFL(c\,l)dG9N _4&kPcY0VAB.4Yp).P*m/t(KG8Du@Y.F&PJ5-rp! 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